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Did G‑d Create Mathematics?

"G‑d is a mathematician"Carl Friedrich Gauss I. Can We Prove that G-d created Axioms of mathematics? 1. Introduction A reader challenged me with a question, “Could you prove G-d created basic propositions (axioms) of mathematics?” It is a profound question that merits a more detailed answer. There is no universally accepted “proof” in the mathematical sense that G‑d authored the axioms (or “basic propositions”) of mathematics. The question of whether G‑d is the ground—that is, the metaphysical foundation—or source of mathematical truths is a longstanding philosophical and theological debate. Here are a few perspectives on this issue, along with reasons why no formal, universally agreed-upon proof exists. 2. What Would a “Proof” Even Look Like? i. Nature of Mathematical Proof In mathematics, proofs demonstrate that a conclusion follows logically from a set of axioms. Axioms themselves are [...]

Principle of Least Action III — History

The spectacle of the universe becomes so much the grander, so much more beautiful, the worthier of its Author, when one knows that a small number of laws, most wisely established, suffice for all movements. Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1744) Among the more or less general laws, the discovery of which characterize the development of physical science during the last century, the principle of Least Action is at present certainly one which, by its form and comprehensiveness, may be said to have approached most closely to the ideal aim of theoretical inquiry. Its significance, properly understood, extends, not only to mechanical processes, but also to thermal and electrodynamic problems. In all the branches of science to which it applies, it gives, not only an explanation of certain characteristics of phenomena at present encountered, but [...]

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